Main Parts of a Wooden Fence

A wooden fence is a classic element that can enhance the aesthetics and functionality of any backyard or garden. Comprised of several key components working together, a fence made of wood provides security, privacy, and visual appeal to outdoor spaces.

When installing or repairing a wood fence, it's important to understand the parts that make up this useful structure.

Essential Wooden Fence Components

The main pieces that form a complete wooden boundary include:

• Posts - Sturdy vertical beams anchored in the ground that serve as the fence's foundation and support structure.
• Rails - Horizontal crosspieces connecting the posts to form the fence's basic framework.
• Pickets - Vertical boards that comprise the body of the fence, providing the actual physical barrier.
• Nails and screws - Metal fasteners that hold all the wooden pieces together in a secure structure.
• Caps and finials - Decorative elements placed on top of the fence posts to create an aesthetically pleasing appearance.

Posts

Posts are the most vital components of a wooden fence, forming its essential backbone. They must be deeply anchored, as they bear the weight of the rest of the structure. Posts are commonly made from sturdy woods like pressure-treated pine, redwood, or cedar that resist decay.

Typical sizes for fence posts range from 4x4 inches up to 6x6 inches, with larger posts used for taller fences or fence sections spanning longer distances between posts. The ends of the posts are usually inserted into holes dug 24 to 36 inches deep and set in concrete to prevent shifting.

Rails

Rails are horizontal support beams that connect the vertical posts, adding lateral strength and providing an attachment point for pickets. They help prevent the fence from sagging or leaning over time.

Rails are commonly made from 2x4 or 2x6 lumber; pressure-treated pine is affordable and durable. They typically span 6 to 8 feet between posts. The number of rail levels varies based on the height of the fence, with taller fences requiring more rails for structural integrity.

Pickets

The pickets, also known as palings or planks, form the actual body and surface of a wooden fence. Available in a wide variety of styles, pickets provide enclosing, decorative detail.

Pickets interlock with the rails to create a cohesive barrier and are often made of vertical boards, though decorative picket shapes like points, curves, and angles are also popular. They may be tightly spaced to increase privacy and security, or have wider gaps to allow visibility and airflow.

Nails and Screws

There are a variety of metal fasteners used in wooden fence construction, including: - Galvanized nails - Basic and inexpensive but also the least durable. The galvanized coating helps resist corrosion. - Stainless steel nails and screws - More expensive than galvanized but with much better corrosion resistance. Less likely to fail over time. - Decking screws - Designed to fasten wooden boards without splitting the wood. Pre-drilling holes is recommended. - Masonry and lag bolts - Used to securely anchor the posts into the buried concrete for maximum structural stability.

Caps and Finials

Though not integral to the fence structure itself, decorative post caps and finials add aesthetic value. These accessories include: - Pyramid caps - Angled caps that shed water away from post tops. - Solar post caps - Caps with integrated LED lights for illumination. - Finials - Ornate, turned wood details mounted on post tops for decorative flair. - Metal post caps - Aluminum or galvanized steel caps that protect post ends from weathering.

Key Structural Elements

In addition to the basic components, certain structural members play an integral role:

Corner and End Posts

Located at the corners and ends of the fence line, these heavier-duty posts anchor the structure and prevent lateral movement. They are commonly 150-200% larger in diameter compared to line posts. For example, an 8x8-inch post may be used on corners instead of a 6x6-inch post used along fence runs.

Gate Posts

Gate posts flank the fence opening to provide reinforced support for attaching the gate. They are thicker and sturdier than standard line posts, typically one size larger. If using a 6x6 post on the line, an 8x8 post would substitute on each side of the gate opening.

Critical Fencing Sections

Other elements create specialized areas and access points within the boundary:

Panels

Some fences utilize pre-fabricated panels made of pickets and rails for quicker installation compared to building on-site. These modular sections easily fasten into posts with hardware. They are commonly available in popular sizes like 6 feet long by 6 feet tall.

Gates

Gates provide an opening in the fence for entry and exit. They are typically constructed using metal frames or wooden members to match fence structure. Heavy-duty hinges and latch hardware secure the gate when closed.

Decorative Elements

Ornamental fence features like finials, latticework, arbors, and planters can embellish the structure and complement the surrounding landscape. These accessories introduce unique visual interest, texture, shape and color elements.

Vital Construction Materials

Wooden fences feature a variety of timber types:

• Cedar - Known for its natural resistance to moisture, decay, and insects. Features a reddish-brown tone and grain texture.
• Redwood - Also rot-resistant without chemical treatment. Offers a reddish heartwood and pale sapwood.
• Pressure-Treated Pine - Inexpensive and versatile; ideal for direct ground contact. Available in vibrant green or natural brown tones.

Composite plastic or vinyl fencing components offer increased durability as well, though with higher upfront costs. These modern materials provide consistent looks and colors that emulate wood's appearance but will not crack, peel or require restaining.

Fundamental Design Factors

Key considerations for planning and erecting wooden enclosures include:

• Height - Typically 4 to 6 feet tall for residential boundaries. Front yard fences often have restricted heights.
• Post Spacing - 8 to 10 feet is common between posts depending on fence height and wind conditions.
• Picket Design - Profile shape and spacing based on privacy needs and aesthetic preferences.
• Gate Location(s) - Where entry/exit access point(s) should be situated for functionality.

Local building codes dictate required structural standards pertaining to location, height regulations, setback minimums from property lines, and integrity testing qualifications.

Important Maintenance Aspects

Regular inspection and upkeep preserve an attractive, fully-functioning barrier for the long term. Essential maintenance includes:

• Checking posts and boards at ground level for moisture damage and wood decay.
• Replacing warped, cracked or missing pickets to maintain integrity and appearance.
• Re-securing any loose rails or pickets with new galvanized nails or exterior screws.
• Applying protective stains/sealants to shield the wood from moisture, mildew and UV sun exposure.